Sometimes page numbers are not available. In these cases, there are a few alternatives to use instead.
Paragraph number
Structure: (Author surname, year, para. x)
Example: (Smith, 2025, para. 3)
Chapter or section title and paragraph number
Structure: (Author surname, year, section title, para. x)
Example: (Smith, 2020, an overview of nursing practice, para. 2)
Page range from an eBook reader
Structure: (Author surname, year, pp. x–y)
Example: (Smith, 2020, pp. 1–5)
Our Referencing Tool has more guidance about properly referencing sources.
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